Emancipation Proclamation free essay sample

The Emancipation Proclamation prompted the finish of bondage, and is one of the most disputable records in American history. Human subjection was the focal point of political clash in the United States from the 1830s to the flare-up of the Civil War in 1861. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican possibility for administration in 1860, by and by hated servitude and was swore to keep it from spreading to western regions. Simultaneously he accepted that the Constitution didn't permit national government to preclude subjection in states where it previously existed. Abraham Lincoln once stated, â€Å"I guarantee not to have controlled occasions, yet admit clearly that occasions have controlled me† (McPherson 21). As per his statement, when President Lincoln gave the phenomenal Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, Lincoln liberated slaves in the Southern states, however he and his activities were being constrained by Civil War. The Civil War was battled somewhere in the range of 1861 and 1865 between the Northern states, or the Union, and the Southern states, or the Confederacy. On September 22, 1862, amidst the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln set forth a Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (Tackach 45). The report expressed that after January 1, 1863, slaves having a place with every single Southern express that were still in disobedience would be free (Tackach 45). Notwithstanding, the Emancipation Proclamation had no quick impact; subjection was not legitimately precluded until the Thirteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1865, around three years after the Emancipation Proclamation was declared (Tackach 9-10). On the off chance that the Emancipation Proclamation didn't totally annul subjugation, what was the purpose of the report? Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation was not really composed to free any slaves. Or maybe, it was a war strategy to militarily debilitate the South, add officers to the Union reason, and please abolitionist Northerners. From the beginning of the Civil War, Lincoln explained that the objective of the war was not â€Å"'to put down subjection, yet to put the banner back,’† and he wouldn't announce the war as a war over bondage (Brodie 155 as qtd. in Klingaman 75-76). In a letter to Horace Greeley, manager of the New York Tribune, in August 1862, Lincoln composed: â€Å"My fundamental article in this battle isn't either to spare or demolish subjection. In the event that I could spare the Union without liberating any slave I would do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tackach 44). Lincoln additionally refusedâ to announce that subjection was the Civil War’s fundamental center in light of the fact that numerous Whites in the North and in the much-esteemed Border States would not concur with a war to free slaves since they trusted Blacks were sub-par compared to Whites (Wheeler 225-226). The political and military points of interest of the Border States made Lincoln hesitant to declare the Civil War to be a war about subjugation (Wheeler 225-226). Indeed, even Jefferson Davis, leader of the adversary Confederacy, couldn't help contradicting a war about subjection (Wheeler 226). At that point for what reason did President Lincoln, amidst a war he guaranteed was not about bondage, issue the Emancipation Proclamation? The Emancipation Proclamation itself addresses the inquiry, expressing that Lincoln was liberating the Southerners’ slaves, â€Å"upon military necessity† (Klingaman 232). Lincoln liberated Southern slaves, â€Å"as a fit and im portant war measure for suppressing†¦ rebellion† (Klingaman 231). President Lincoln exploited his situation as Commander-in-Chief of the United States, just as his capacity to act without Congress’ assent, and gave the Emancipation Proclamation for military reasons (Heinrichs 15). Lincoln realized that the announcement would end up being a helpful device of protection during the savage Civil War. It must be presumed that Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation for to some degree narrow minded reasons, as to expand the North’s odds of triumph in the Civil War. By giving an archive that liberated slaves, the North could without a doubt increase remote partners, and simultaneously deny the South of their outside help. Extraordinary Britain was strong of the South’s severance from the Union since Britain depended on the South’s cotton (Tackach 43). Congressperson Charles Sumner of Massachusetts asserted to Lincoln that since Great Britain was abolitionist subjugation, if Lincoln would change the Civil War’s fundamental concentration to bondage, the abolitionist North would pick up Britain’s support (Tackach 43). By giving the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln changed the Civil War’s point of convergence from severance to subjugation, moving Great Britain’s support from the Confederacy to the Union (Tackach 43). Truth be told, the first motivation behind why Jefferson Davis didn't need the war to spin around bondage was to keep loss of help from outside governments (Wheeler 226). Likewise, should the Southern slaves be liberated, the South would lose certain points of interest that subjugation gave them. Some slave proprietors constrained their captives to help the Southern war cause by working for the Confederate armed force (Tackach 45). Additionally, slaves kept an eye on their owners’ esta tes, permitting the proprietors toâ enlist in the Confederate armed force without stressing over their land’s upkeep (Tackach 43). Should the Emancipation Proclamation be given, the Confederate armed force would lose helpful slave work, bringing about the loss of numerous warriors, since numerous estate proprietors would be compelled to get back to keep up their territory (Tackach 43, 45). Moreover, the Emancipation Proclamation expressed that the United States government would make no move against liberated slaves practicing their opportunity (Tackach 45). Northerners accepted that liberated slaves would ascend, revolt and thusly debilitate the South with this extra technique (Wheeler 227). In many wars, the general aggregate of troops considerably affects the war’s result. In the Civil War, Lincoln used the recently liberated slaves and increased a military bit of leeway by permitting them to enroll in the Union armed force (Tackach 47). Lincoln alluded to Blacks battling for the Union as â€Å"'the extraordinary accessible but unavailed of power for reestablishing the Union’† (Hunt 133). Inside and out, 185,000 Blacks battled for the Union armed force, around 10% of the complete entirety of Union soldiers all through the Civil War (Tackach 54, Wheeler 255). More than 37,000 previous slaves kicked the bucket battling for the Union armed force (Heinrichs 28). The measure of enrolled Blacks without a doubt made sure about the North’s triumph in the Civil War. In the long run, Jefferson Davis permitted Blacks to battle in the Confederate armed force (Wheeler 224-225). Be that as it may, without any records of Blacks’ battle, Davis’ choice to utilize Black soldiers came past the point of no return (Wheeler 257, 224-225). The South’s absence of Black warriors and extreme thrashing reflect how invaluable and vital Black officers were in the Civil War. Military preferred position was by all account not the only issue convincing Lincoln to give the Emancipation Proclamation; Northerners’ requests for annulment additionally impacted Lincolnâ €™s choice to free Southern slaves. In the start of the Civil War, Northerners didn't effectively contradict servitude (Klingaman 21-22). In any case, as the war advanced, an ever increasing number of Northerners started to accept that abrogation of bondage obliged destruction of the South (Klingaman 81). One purpose behind the difference in heart was the effect of observer records of slavery’s mercilessness. During the Civil War, numerous Union officers arranged in the South saw the revulsions of servitude and educated their families regarding the cold-bloodedness they had seen . Because of these onlooker accounts, Northerners identified with slaves, prompting expanded kindness of cancelation By January 1862, about a large portion of the Union troopers needed bondage to be crushed (Klingaman 92). Numerous Northerners concurred with Massachusetts pastor Thomas W. Higginson’s quote that expressed, â€Å"'†¦the thought of vanquishing disobedience without obliterating servitude is just to be risen to by raging damnation without upsetting the individual solace of the devil’† (Klingaman 81). A typical articulation among Northerners, voiced by an Iowan resident, broadcasted, â€Å"'I accept that bondage (the most noticeably terrible everything being equal) was the sole reason for this Rebellion, and until this reason is expelled and subjection canceled, the resistance will keep on exist’† (McPherson 118). Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation to quiet such supplications for abrogation from Northerners, and in light of the fact that abolitionist notion in the North pushed Lincoln to consider canceling bondage. Lincoln’s exploitative aims for the Emancipation Proclamation to help the North militarily, and not to annihilate servitude from the United States, were indicated through shortcomings in the real Emancipation Proclamation. As a matter of first importance, the Emancipation Proclamation expressed that solitary those slaves in the Southern states, and not all slaves in the United States, would be liberated on January 1, 1863 (Tackach 9-10). Also, the Emancipation Proclamation could just legitimately apply in specific situations. The North would need to win the Civil War; should the South win the war and become its own country, the Emancipation Proclamation would have no lawful impact at all (Tackach 9-10). What's more, the Emancipation Proclamation could just turn into a United States law through a correction to the Constitution (Tackach 9-10). The wording of the Emancipation Proclamation additionally shows Lincoln’s apathetic sentiments toward liberating Southerners’ slaves: The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation esteemed Southern slaves â€Å"forever free,† however in the real Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln changed the wording to â€Å"free† (Klingaman 228). The Emancipation Proclamation was not even quickly successful in those territories where it applied: Some Texan slaves didn't hear o

SALAT

Supplication has consistently been a fundamental piece of Islamic confidence and is concurred a focal spot in the strict practices. Salat is the ritualized type of petition spread out and classified in the Quran. In spite of the fact that Islam has formalized numerous practices in detail, salat has not been classified in detail in the Quran. The acts of Prophet Muhammed filled in as deserving of copying and has been continued into the strict practice as oral reports called hadiths. In the beginning periods Islam and its customs were in a condition of consistent change and henceforth researchers and legal scholars burned through significant energy in explaining the strict acts of Muslims. The Quran places incredible accentuation on petition and the supplication discovers articulation in different structures like request, recognition, contrition, glorification, reiteration and custom (p. 8054). Salat is the custom piece of the supplication and should be comprehended in this general setting. Staying aware of the faction in early Islam and ensuing development of Sunni and Shia groups, salat has consolidated the impacts of these organizations. Supplication is of such a central significance to the confidence, it is additionally remembered for the Islamic statute and salat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam as characterized in Islamic law ‘Shariah’. Salat can either be required or deliberate. It is willful when one has arrived at the period of reason and required when one has arrived at adolescence (p. 8055). There are accurate and rigid particulars for leading salat and Islamic laws portray them in detail. Despite the fact that people played out the petitions together in Muhammad’s time, the later hadiths have rejected or seriously constrained nearness of ladies in the public salat acted in the mosques. Islam stresses collective petition and henceforth the mosque shapes the focal locus for salat. It is allowed to lead salat in the city or somewhere else, if no mosque is accessible. In the beginning of Islam salat was performed multiple times in a day, yet later hadiths took reference to Muhammad’s night venture and expanded the quantity of obligatory salats to five out of a day. Muslims are called to petition by muezzin fifteen minutes before the salat time and the muezzin gets out by commending God and his delivery person Muhammad. Before the salat starts the adherents of the confidence should make themselves clean for the custom by purifying themselves with water. Shariah determines both significant polluting influences, which require a total shower and minor debasements that require bathing at the mosque itself. Aside from the physical immaculateness, one likewise needs to decontaminate himself intellectually by proclaiming the expectation to implore. Different ways of thinking contrast on this angle I. e. a few schools state that aim ought to be articulated perceptibly and some state it ought to be quiet. The very demonstration of playing out the salat is truly basic and brief. As per Shariah â€Å"each salat comprises of two or four patterns of bowing, called rak’ah† (p. 8057). It likewise determines that in any event seventeen cycles ought to be finished in a day during the five salats. Salat is performed by a progression of steps joined by indicated chants. For instance, salat starts with the mantra â€Å"God is great† trailed by certain real developments. The Sunnis and Shias have various understandings here also. This is then trailed by lauding the brilliance of God lastly the adherent performs different activities like requesting absolution or offers petitions to the God. Salat should be comprehended as an unadulterated custom structure as well as should be situated in the recorded setting. Salat has assumed a principal job in fashioning a Muslim personality. It has additionally been deciphered as a way to otherworldly experience with God or only as custom recognition and accommodation to God’s law (p. 8058). For the adherents anyway salat means decontamination of brain and body and association with the God.

2015 Essay Questions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2015 Essay Questions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2015 Essay Questions Every Spring, our office reviews the freshman application for changes that we would like to see for the next year. During this review, we also look at the short essay questions that are required for First Year applicants who apply Regular Decision or are deferred Early Action (Early Action applicants do not submit essays unless they are deferred). For 2015, we have made a slight change in our short essays. Instead of requiring four short essay responses, we now will have one short essay that all RD or deferred EA applicants must complete, and three additional short essay topics with the applicant selecting to respond to two of these. Essay 1 should be between 200-300 words, while essays 2-4 should be between 150 to 200 words, but remember to focus on substance and not word count. Before submitting your application and essays in the Fall, always remember to proofread and edit! The First Year application will be available on September 2, but we thought that some people would want to know the essays earlier than that date. Here are the four essay questions as we now have them, with Essay 1 being required (200-300 words) and Essays 2-4 being three options from which the applicant can select two (150-200 words). (Required) The UGA faculty has defined the qualities that the student body should demonstrate in the Admissions Philosophy Statement. After reviewing this, help us understand which of your qualities will add value to our community of scholars. (200-300 words) Share a story about someone in your life (not a family member) who is significantly different than you. How are you different and what have you learned from your relationship with this person? (150-200 words) Tell us an interesting or amusing story about yourself that you have not already shared in your application. (150-200 words) UGA’s First Year Odyssey Program offers more than 300 seminar courses for new freshmen. Some examples include “The History of Horseracing”, “Einstein and the Theories of Relativity” and “The Zombie Plague”. If you could create your own seminar course at UGA in any subject area that interested you, what would it be? What would the course be named and what would you hope to learn? (150-200 words) In addition, here is an example of a strong essay that we received this year for Essay 3, and the applicant (and UGA class of 2014 freshman) has given us permission to share with everyone. I am an accidental criminal. My school counselor asserts that I am exactly the kind of criminal every college desires. In fact, since I was about 12-years-old, I have been developing my criminal record and have been flaunting it since. As a result, BET (Black Entertainment Television) gave me the opportunity to speak to millions of viewers this past August. I can only imagine how peoples mouths dropped when I told them how cavalier I am about the rules of legal consent. You see I am 18 years old now, but before then, I ignored my age and indulged in adult activities. Despite being a minor, I signed a renters agreement for the Greening Forward office headquarters and rented trucks for volunteer events. These companies only wanted my money; they did not care that a minors signature is invalid. I illegally acquired goods and services and used them for the greater good. I was the Robin Hood of environmentalism. Charles O. UGA Class of 2018

The Integration Of The European Union - 1843 Words

The Americans did it – uniting almost the entire continent into a United States of America, and the Europeans did it too – creating the European Union with a single currency and governing principles. However, unifying large swathes of political territories is not as easy as it would seem and Africa’s diverse cultural, ethnic, economic and political interests may not allow the transition into a union to be smooth or even viable. The unification of countries, such as that in the European Union has its set of problems – especially with the more developed countries suffering huge immigration from the less developed countries in the union. Political developments like these threaten the stability of the entire region – and with African nations poised at varying degrees of development – from the highest end of the spectrum with South Africa, to the lowest end with Ethiopia and Congo an African Union may never be possible. This paper explores the pit falls of the unionization of African countries, and argues that Africa should refrain from taking such a politically, economically and culturally disastrous step. The Dream of a United States of Africa The dream of a United States of Africa is not new. In fact, a number of Black visionaries and leaders have argued for the construction of a united Africa in the past. Marcus Garvey, a Black Nationalist leader and journalist had passionately protested for the creation of such a union (Clarke, 1974). A number of artists, includingShow MoreRelatedEuropean Integration And The European Union1638 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies, the idea of a united Europe can be traced back to Ancient Greece. The first we hear of Europe as a geographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa (Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream where she was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (GreekmythologyRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union2920 Words   |  12 Pag es Throughout the development of the European Union, many political thinkers tried to give their interpretation of EU, to theorize its essence to give a clear picture and show the path that EU is most likely to take in future. Those have organized themselves in several schools of thought, out of which there are two dominant ones- intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism. The former was first mentioned by Stanley Hoffmann- professor of Harvard University and then picked up by others. The latterRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union1936 Words   |  8 Pages 2. In this article Hass intends to explains the European integration and relate them to a broader subject of universal integration. 3. 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In particular, the difficulties of agreeing which country should join the monetary union and the numerous problems that the enlargement brings to the other European states, taking into account the major changes that the monetary union bring. The literature reviewRead MoreEconomic Integration And The European Union1583 Words   |  7 PagesEurope worked towards economic and political integration. The economic integration began in 1958, with the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), which included Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EEC removed tariffs on goods produced wit hin those six countries, in order to promote trade and reconstruction after the war. In 1993 the EEC was renamed to the European Union (EU), when the focus of just economic integration began to include policies of â€Å"climate

How the Term Play Has Changed Over Time Essay - 2303 Words

Alteration in the meaning of play over period of time and how it has acted upon us? Factors responsible for the change in definition of play between nineteen’s and twenty-first centuries and how it has acted upon us? What is play? In Oxford dictionary the definition of play is not for practical or serious purpose rather it an activity which is based on one’s engagement for recreation and enjoyment. Being a play designer my definition of play is it helps in developing individuals and growing with others as a part of the community. It It strengths the family, helps in developing friendship and relationship. It increases your leisure skills, self esteem and worth. It acts as a power booster, energies, relaxes you increases emotional, mental†¦show more content†¦My parents use to play and help us in building a good relationship, trust and comfort level. The family also plays an important part in developing physical development. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Professionals analyzed that social skills develop on the playground often increases the lifelong skill sets which carried forward till their adulthood. Playgrounds are much productive and beneficial. Before 1900s children used to be encouraged to play free and spontaneous play like skipping, running, catching, etc. also some games (rule based) like Gilli Danda, Kho-Kho, Cricket, Pakram -Pati (Catch Me), hide and Seek which played on playgrounds are a beneficial type of play. Exciting challenges, and engaging playground equipment has helped children to be happy while developing their learning abilities. It develops different stages of learning, creativity and imagination with role play. But nowadays urbanization is among one of the factors which are supporting change of play and are greatly influencing physical play. Before Urbanization in India much large courtyards and open land was available. Considering the scenario in India when urbanization was beginning people from various under developing cities started migrating towards developing cities. †¢ Thus issues like population were also raised. Case, Mumbai one of the metro citiesShow MoreRelatedHow Culture Influences Health Of All Individuals1389 Words   |  6 PagesHow Culture Influences Health in America Culture plays a great role in the health of all individuals. The American race has a vast influence over other cultures that migrate to the United States. Unfortunately, the dietary habits of the average American can lead to an increased health risk and a variety of problems that will further be elaborated on. It is important to remember that health is not just the physical aspect that everyone assumes when they consider the word health. It actually hasRead MoreAnalysis of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Arthur Millers play Death of a Salesman was a hit nearly from its debut, and its importance to American literature and theater has not diminished in the over half a century since its first performance in 1949. However, the specific areas of the play that have most intrigued critics have changed over time, as different historical, social, and literary concerns lead critics to come up with different interpretations. By analyzing three different cr itical responses to Death of a Salesman, it will beRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagespace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Human resources, capital, natural resources, entrepreneurship, and technology all play a factor in to a rapid change of pace. They are likely to increase because all of these factors are growing rapidly. 2. 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This summary consists of the descriptionRead MoreEssay On Buried Child And Buried Child1198 Words   |  5 Pages Rose in Fences and Halie from Buried Child are the two main women in the play that face many different struggles in their life. They are trapped in a disarray life where they have to pick up after their disrespectful husbands. They try to hold up and take care of their dysfunctional family and while doing so they both fail in obtaining the American Dream. The women in these plays both have something in common; they have to deal with their selfish husbands. They both seem to struggle toRead MoreWhat Kind Of Music Is Acoustic Music?1731 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar. But there are lots of differences between them in terms of the sound they produced. Electronic music relies on electrical signals to pass through a microphone, and amplifier to make sound while acoustic music uses no electricity to produce sound relying instead of echoes produced inside the instrument. 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Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Free Essays

string(51) " the synthesis of A\? \(Felician and Sandson 20\)\." Alzheimer’s disease, AD, is a distressing condition that involves the decline in cognition of the mind which results to psychotic disorder, and affective and behavioral disturbances (Bloom 9). It is a progressive central nervous system disorder and the main cause of dementia (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Alois Alzheimer in 1907 reported the case of a 51-year old Frankfurt woman who died in dementia (Bloom 9). We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene or any similar topic only for you Order Now He described the neuropathological condition of the woman with neurofibrillary tangles or NFTs and amyloid plaques or NPs (Bloom10). NPs are extracellular beta-amyloid peptide or A? Spherical deposits closely related to dendrites, reactive astrocytes, dystrophic axons, and activated microglia (Felician and Sandson 19). Thus, for several decades, collaborative efforts of experts from different scientific and medicinal endeavors were devoted for the neurological and pathophysiological characterization of this disease (Bloom 9). As such, the roles of four specified genes, as well as the mechanism of oxidative stress, tau, inflammation, hormonal changes, and inflammation on the AD’s neurodegeneration have been the central theme of scientific studies conducted on this disease (Felician and Sandson 19). As experts continuously gained insights on the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, pharmacological strategies are concurrently devised for the development of appropriate drug treatment and interventions (Felician and Sandson 19). Molecular Mechanism Early and late onset ADs are types of familial AD which are genetically heterogeneous. Familial AD is accounted for 10% of AD cases from 30-60 year old patients and ascribed to three types of genes which included APP, presenilin-1 or PSEN1 and presenilin-2 or PSEN2 (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Nonetheless, the mutations in these genes also cause A? -level increase; A? is generated by proteolytic APP fragment that was also observed in the brains of AD patients (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). However, not all AD cases can be attributed to the three identified genes. Genes are then the most important determinant of AD development (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). On the other hand, there is a great chance for children with parents having history of familial AD to inherit the genetic traits and develop either early-onset or late-onset AD (Jayadev et. al. 375). As well, AD development threat in the offspring is directly related to age; the tendency of AD occurrence among children of parents with historical AD background increases as the children gain progress in their growth and development (Jayadev et. al. 375). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, on cellular level, has been consistently observed. The pyramidal neurons are the type of cortical cells that are fundamentally deteriorated in AD pathogenesis resulting to the spread of NPs and NFTs in cortex areas (Felician and Sandson 20). Both NPs and NFTs are normally found in brain areas in the aging process but their concentrations and densities are peculiar in the case of AD (Felician and Sandson 20). Originally, NPs are found at the amygdala and concentrated in parietal association and order temporal cortex parts (Felician and Sandson 20). In the maturity of AD, NPs can also be observed in hippocampus, in other structures of mesial temporolimbic brain, and even in cortical and meningeal blood vessels (Felician and Sandson 20). Luckily, the areas for sensorimotor and visual are remained unaffected. Meanwhile, in the early stage of AD, NFTs can be found hippocampus, amygdala, and in entorhinal cortex, the association cortex has abundance of NFTs (Felician and Sandson 20). However, NFTs are not exclusively for the cases of AD, these are also detected in the several cerebral troubles like in dementia pugilistica, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Felician and Sandson 20). The formation of NPs is attributed to the A ? peptide deposition; A ? peptide types that only differ in C-terminal are common in cerebrovascular and extracellular plaques (Felician and Sandson 19). A ? peptide, made up of 39-43 amino acids, is normally generated from APP or amyloid precursor protein. In addition, the series of hydrophobic C-terminal is crucial in its solubility and amyloid formation rate (Felician and Sandson 19). As such, A ? with 40 amino acids, A ? 40, as well as A? peptide with 42 and 43 amino acids or A? 42 and A ? 43 respectively (Felician and Sandson 19). However, in vitro, the variants of A? 42 and A? 43 can easily form insoluble fibrils as compared with the A? 40 variant (Felician and Sandson 19). Furthermore, the incubation of these A? variants can immediately lead to coalescence implying the possible amyloid plaque deposition through these components. In line with this, diffuse plaques have nonfibrillary and A? soluble constituents denoting the senile plaques’ early stage (Felician and Sandson 19). Likewise, diffuse plaques have A? deposits in the absence of neuritic degeneration (Felician and Sandson 19). On the other hand, neurofibrillary tangles, comprised of abnormal bundles of intraneuronal filaments, are made up of tau microtubule-associated protein with high degree of phosphorylation (Felician and Sandson 19). The degree of phosphorylation is largely dependent on the enzymatic activities of kinases that are not yet fully understood (Felician and Sandson 19). Nevertheless, the intraneuronal abnormal filaments arrange themselves in either parallel or helical bundles in perikaryotic cytoplasm that make them in contact with the dentritic processes (Felician and Sandson 19). The amyloid precursor protein, a membrane glycoprotein, is consisted of 28 A? extracellular residues and 12 to 15 putative transmembrane residues (Felician and Sandson 20). It also occurs as 695, 751, and 770-amino acid isoform. While the 695-amino acid isoform occurs mainly in neurons, 770 and 751-amino acid forms are seen on both non-neural and neural cells along with protease inhibitor domains (Felician and Sandson 20). APPs are carried into the cell membrane by secretory vesicles and may undergo proteolytic bond breakage through the action of ? -secretase (Felician and Sandson 20). Consequently, this cleavage generates ? -APP, a soluble ectodomain and the precursor for A? peptide production through cleavage in A? domain. As the generation of soluble APP is, in vitro, ascribed with the activity of protein kinase C, uncleaved APP is inferred to take the proteolytic pathway (Felician and Sandson 20). On the other hand, APP intracerllular recycling and management are done through endocytotic or endosome-lysosome means. The endocytotic route causes proteolytic cleavages by means of ? – and ? -secratases leading to the synthesis of A? (Felician and Sandson 20). You read "Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene" in category "Papers" Moreover, A? production is enhanced by intracellular calcium concentration which denoted the significance of calcium-rich proteases in A? production (Felician and Sandson 20). In vivo, APP cleavage occurs at N-terminus at the A? -region through the action of ? -secretase and at the C-terminus by means of ? -secretase activity (Mohan 1). Also, APP can take a pathway facilitated by ? -secretase at the A? -peptide domain producing soluble ? -APP (Mohan 1). Ezymes can also possibly attack APP without A? -peptide generation (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Since the putative ? -secretase, under the control of kinase C, regulates the generation of soluble APP, any agents that supports this metabolism may hinder the A? production (Felician and Sandson 21). As well, A? deposition may also be lessened by drugs which inhibit APP cleavage into ? – and ? -secratases (Felician and Sandson 21). Nonetheless, agents that can impede A? coalescence would decrease its neurotoxicity effects (Felician and Sandson 21). After the formation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation dictates the death of neurons (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In relation to this, microglia and astrocytes cells of the brain are heavily affected by inflammatory process (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD patients, astrocytes are enlarged and produce prostaglandin which in turn sends signal to activate the inflammation mediated by arachidonic acid (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). On the other hand, microglia generates free radicals which cause neurons’ death (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Meanwhile, cell nutrients as well as its regulation components are transported through the microtubules in which structural properties are mainly dependent on tau protein (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD condition, the tau lessens its capability to bind with microtubules and binds with other tau protein resulting to knots of helical filaments called as neurofibrillary tangles (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). APP Duplication is Sufficient to Cause Early Onset Alzheimer’s Dementia with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Studies showed that A? encoding through APP gene expression leads to the development of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42, a 42-amino acid product of the proteolytic process (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Aside from the cleavage of APP into alpha, beta, and gamma secretases, high APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42 and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Meanwhile, it has been long known that APP level triplication in Down’s syndrome patients results to the development of Alzheimer type dementia at early stage; the APP excessive expression leads to neurodegeneration and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In relation to this, it was reported that families with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and early onset Alzheimer type dementia had APP genomic duplications which implied that APP over-expression, without full trisomy 21, has triggered the Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In addition, Alzheimer-type dementia patients have elevated APP mRNA levels in their brains (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Further, the variation on the transcription of APP gene due to genetic factors was believed as the underpinning factor in the pathogenesis of the disease (Sleegers et. al. 2978). In fact, three APP mutations were observed on Alzheimer-type early-onset dementia patients. These mutations, as seen in vitro by means of trisomy 21, caused a two-fold elevation of in APP transcriptions (Sleegers et. al. 2978). With the aforementioned evidences on APP elevation through APP genomic mutations or duplications which resulted to the development of early onset AD, it could logically infer that A? has a crucial role in its aetiology (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Hence, for the evaluation of APP locus duplication on Alzheimer-type dementia cases, Sleegers et. al. conducted a study on Dutch population with early onset Alzheimer-type dementia patients. Material and Methods In the approval of the University of Antwerp medical ethical committee, the respondents of this research were recruited form an epidemiological study on early onset AD in several provinces of The Netherlands and in Rotterdam (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Patients with early-onset dementia diagnosis were enlisted based on the recommendation of medical experts and healthcare providers. As such, the assessment of the patients’ conditions was done in accordance with the standards of the Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Medical records of the patients and their respective relative with similar trait inheritance were made available for an in-depth examination. Meanwhile, for the assessment of genetic inheritance, 111 patients with ages 33 to 65 years old of which had 75 respondents with familial background of either late or early-onset of dementia and 10 of which have autosomal dominant inheritance history for several generations of their respective clans were studied (Sleegers et. al. 2978). The genomic DNA or gDNA was derived from lymphocytes and alleles of APP were measured by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Also, the PrimerExpress software was utilized for the design of ? 2-microglubulin or hB2M, exon 5, 11, and 18, ubiquitin C or hUBC, ATP5J, APP, and GABPA (Sleegers et. al. 2978). As the APP alleles were normalized for hB2M and hUBC, 20 nanograms of genomic DNA were combined with the PCR and 400 nanomoles of the respective primers (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Finally, the duplication of the samples was done by means of dosage quotients or DQs calculation through six normal individuals and dementia patients. Patients with trisonomy 21 were also included as controls (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH, was utilized to determine APP genomic duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2978). FISH was performed on both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes while the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed patients’ lymphoblasts were taken from the metaphase period by means of 0. 1 microgram/milliliter colcemid treatment and incubated, at 37 °C for 25 minutes, in hypotonic solution of 1 molar sodium hydroxide, 30 millimolar glycerol, 0. 8 millimolar magnesium chloride, 2 millimolar HEPES, and 1 millimolar calcium chloride (Sleegers et. al. 2978). This suspension then was used for 106 cells per milliliter as the chromosomes’ mechanical stretching was done through cyto-centrifugation. On the other hand, the Multiplex Amplicon Quantification, MAQ, was applied in the detection of APP locus duplication. MAQ was comprised of multiplex PCR amplification of the reference amplicons and targets which were tainted with fluorescent substance (Sleegers et. al. 2978). After MAQ, DNA fragment analysis, and comparison target amplicon DQ between control individuals and the patients were done (Sleegers et. al. 2979). Results and Discussion Real-time PCR APP measurements of 10 probands showed heterozygous duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Based on the Dutch population sample, APP duplication along with segregation pattern and neuropathology tantamount to autosomal dominant inheritance and AD with excessive CAA were identified with APP duplication in a family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Specifically, the genomic APP locus duplication were observed in five of the 65 family cases with early onset AD autosomal dominance while APP duplication was detected in a single out of ten family cases early-onset AD autosomal dominance (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Even though these numbers are small, the data generated from this study illuminated the significance of genomic APP locus duplication assessment when simple mutations were excluded in AD known genes (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In the 65 patients with familial AD history, a single genomic duplication was identified (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In addition, the genomic duplications among the Dutch samples have 1. 8% overall frequency and 2. 7% frequency in AD patients and family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In contrast, duplication was failed to be detected on 36 patients with irregular early-onset AD which denoted that the duplication of de novo genomic APP is a weak cause of early-onset Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Moreover, the duplication observed among the Dutch family samples has only APP which proved that genomic APP duplication, regardless of adjacent genes, has the capacity for AD and CAA mixed phenotype (Sleegers et. al. 2982). As well, duplication size differences signified the non-specific recombination substrate from the genomic attributes of APP locus; APP rather is in increased recombination region as imparted by other factors such as low transcription repeats (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Nevertheless, the mutation that affects APP expression among 4. 5% of the Dutch participants that either genomic APP duplication or APP mutation promoter carrier, are the frequent cause of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene The cleavage of APP produces A? with associated neurotoxicity; hence, genetic studies postulated that abnormal A? deposition neuropathologic AD conditions (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The abnormal deposition of A? in AD patients has been ascribed to APP gene missence mutations and the proteolytic APP cleavage producing A? 42 which in turn triggers the development of early-onset AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The most solid proof for this notion is the case on trisomy 21 wherein the duplication of APP gene results to increased A? peptide level and aggregation of such in the amyloid plaques of the brain (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). While the presenilin enyzymes enhance fibrillogenic APP conversion, the APOE or alipolipoprotein-E elevates A? coalescence and deposition (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Since A? production is associated with APP concentration and on other factors in both A? and APP syntheses, it was hypothesized that the expression of APP gene is a determinant of AD development (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Recently, a study reported the weak relation between AD inheritance and microsatellite sequence in the APP first intron and a tetranucleotide non-association with AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Hence, to further scrutinize this issue, Athan et. al. anchored their study on APP promoter variant screening in tri-ethnic populations which included white, Caribbean Hispanic, and African-American as they intended to determine APP promoter identities. Methodology The respondents in this study were Manhattan residents of Washington Heights with ages of more than 65 years (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Personal interview and medical background check, neuropsychological, physical and neurological examinations were done on the participants. In addition, individuals with questionable dementia, Parkinson disease, and other types of dementia were excluded in the study. Consequently, a total of 1,077 participants was successfully enlisted, whereas, 16% of them has family history of stroke (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For genotyping, DNA from 1,013 respondents was taken as the panel of neuropsychologists and physicians established the criteria for the identification of AD patients along with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The oligonucleotide primers used for APP promoter PCR amplification came from GenBank (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). From genomic DNAs and by means of Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase, the fragments were amplified while the product sequence was determined through dye terminators (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Meanwhile, 15 microliter of the PCR products was introduced into WAVE fragment DNA analyzer (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The haplotypes PCR products were individually cloned through pGL3 vector in between SacI and Bg III sites (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). On the other hand, U-87 MG glioma cells were cultured with the solution of Earle’s balanced salt and 2 millimolar L-glutamine with 10% fecal calf serum in EMEM medium (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). At 70% confluence, the cells were transferred by means of FuGene 6 reagent and pGL3 vectors were added to transfected DNA to maintain a constant concentration of about 1 microgram per plate of 35 squared millimeter (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). While the isotonic solution of phosphate-buffered sodium chloride was used to wash the U-87 cells, the 250 microliter Reporter Lysis Buffer was applied for cell lysis (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). After this, the centrifugation of the cell extract was done at 10,000 g for five minutes. From the supernatant, 20-microliter aliquot was taken and combined with 100 microliter Luciferase Assay Buffer for luciferase activity measurement (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Then, with 10-20 microliters of the lysate ? -galactosidase assays were performed. This ? -galactosidase measurement was utilized for the normalization of the luciferase data (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Each allele was counted and by sample proportion calculation, the frequencies were computed (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For the ethic group comparison of allele frequency, chi square analysis was applied while logistic regression was utilized for APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). As well, for each ethnic group, logistic regression was employed as the data were classified with respect to the APOE allele’s occurrence or non-occurrence as education and age discrepancies were adjusted. Finally, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed through chi square analysis while the ethnic comparison of APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation as their education, age, and sex were adjusted (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Results and Discussion Two types of APP promoter polymorphisms were detected and identified, with respect to the starting site of the transcription, as GC at +37 and GC at -9 variants (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). In connection to this, +37C allele was typically observed among 18% African-American respondents while European and Caribbean-Hispanic have 3% and 10% respectively (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Although +37C allele was commonly observed among AD patients, the adjustment of their socio-demographic attributes with respect to this allele produced non-significant observations (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Also, -9C allele was hardly detected for disease association. On the other hand, even though the adjustment with respect to socio-demographic traits was made, still a strong link was found between APOE allele and AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Moreover, the evaluation of both +37C and -9C allele variants in U-87 glioma cells through promoter-reporter assays has resulted to non-significant promoter activity (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). The early onset, less than 60 years old, of AD has been ascribed to APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 while the late stage, greater than 65 years old, AD development has not yet fully explained by the genetic model (Waring and Rosenberg 329). The development of AD in late age stage was associated with APOE and to other reported genetic variants and alleles, however, they still insufficient to plausibly explain the mechanism involved in the AD occurrence (Waring and Rosenberg 329). Summary Alzheimer ’s disease is a progressive degeneration of the capacity of the mind for cognition thus affecting the psychological and affective attributes of the inflicted individual. Based on genome-wide study, children of parents with familial Alzheimer’s disease are more prone to inherit and develop this condition either as they take progress in their growth and development or at the senescence stage of their lives (Jayadev et. al. 375). The primary pointed culprit for this cognitive deterioration is the beta-amyloid peptide which is a part of amyloid precursor protein. APP passes through the fatty membrane of the cells and delineated in the different areas of the brain, even though, the normal function has not yet been fully known. As APP is attacked by enzymes, fragments are generated including A? -peptide with associated neurotoxicity. Sleegers et. al. in 2006 found the coincidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy with Alzheimer’s disease in a Dutch multigenerational family. This genomic duplication was attributed solely to APP gene expression that was also observed in 65 Dutch families with early-onset of AD cases. However, APP locus duplication was not observed in 36 AD patients that signified the case of de novo mutation. On the other hand, Athan et. al. in 2002 reported the two types of APP promoter polymorphism which involved +37C and –9C alleles. Moreover, they found a strong link between AD inheritance and the apolipoprotein-E role. In this connection, the genetic traits of every individual should be scientifically scrutinized for an accurate determination and identification of the substance involved in the development of the disease in parallel with its molecular mechanisms. Works Cited Athan, Eleni S. , Lee, Joseph H. , Arriaga, Alex, Mayeux, Richard P. , and Tyco, Benjamin. â€Å"Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene. † Archives of Neurology 59 (2002): 1793-1799. Bloom, Elin. Genetic Studies of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 2008. Felician, Olivier and Sandson, Thomas A. â€Å"The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. † Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 11, 1 (1999): 19-31. Jayadev, Suman, Steinbart, Ellen J. , Chi, Yueh-Yun, Kukull, Walter A. , Schellenberg, Gerard D. and Bird, Thomas D. â€Å"Conjugal Alzheimer Disease. † Archives of Neurology 65, 3 (2008): 373-378. How to cite Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene, Papers

Music and Dance as a Means of Self

Music and Dance as a Means of Self-Definition Essay However; the characters are able, through music and dance, to not only define homeless, but are able to retain some of their African culture while enslaved, and creating a unique culture of their own. Toni Morrison uses the ideas of song and dance to show how through an oral tradition in the slave culture they are able to retain some of the culture of their African ancestors despite attempts by the slave masters to rid them of their own identities as people, and strictly relegate them to objects of possession to be bought or sold. Quinoa describes dances, or traditions, that the enslaved people brought with them across the Ocean in those slave ships. Every great event Is celebrated in public dances, which are accompanied with songs and music suited to the occasion. The assembly is separated in to four divisions The first division contains the married men To these succeeded the married women The young men occupy the third; and the maidens the fourth. (Quinoa 34). These traditions were then passed down through the generations and across the different plantations through that oral tradition as shown in some of the traditions that the characters in Beloved perform. Let the children come Let the grown men come she shouted Finally she called the women to her It started that way: laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it all got mixed up. Women stopped crying and danced; men sat down and cried; children danced, women laughed, children cried until, exhausted and river, all and each lay about the Clearing damp and gasping for breath. In the silence that followed, Baby USGS, holy, offered up to them her great heart. (Morrison 103) In this passage we see how the traditions that were brought to America from Africa by these enslaved people are passed down to people that were born in America and he new generation is able to take the traditions of old and add their own flavor and uniqueness to make it their own. Music and Dance as a Means of Self- Definition and Cultural Retention in Toni By metal ancestors and making it their own, but it is also about resistance to the majority and taking the margin that they have been relegated to, and creating something new. Six is told by the schoolteacher that definitions belonged to the definers not the defined (Morrison 225). Morrison uses this mode of definition as a means to show how the enslaved characters and the real slaves of the time fought against this benefiting, and used the margin as a means to create something new and unique. With a sledge hammer in his hands and Hi Mans lead, the men got through. They sang it out and beat it up, garbling the words so they could not be understood; tricking the words so their syllables yielded up other meanings. They sang the women they knew; the children they had been; the animals they had tamed themselves or seen other tame. They sang of bosses and masters and misses; of mules and dogs and the shamelessness of life. They sang lovingly of graveyards and sisters long gone. Of pork in the woods; meal in the pan; fish on the line; cane, rain ND rocking chairs. (Morrison 128) Even on a chain gang relegated to the lowest part of the lowest part of society at that time these men were using the situation that they were in to create something new, something that was uniquely theirs and no one could take that from them. .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .postImageUrl , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:visited , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:active { border:0!important; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:active , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation EssayThe men on the chain gang were using the tradition of song passed down from their ancestors, but by using the world around them, their feelings, and their unique experiences they were able to defy the definers and then define who they were. It is through these traditions of using your emotions to help define your struggle that the lees we know today was created. Morrison uses the structure of the modern blues and the call and response aspect of the African musical heritage to illustrate that this tradition of self definition is alive today. Morrison a twentieth century African American writer uses these structures in her novel to help keep these traditions alive. Morrison uses the text It rained (Morrison 129) to help illustrate possibly how these men on the chain gang might have felt being locked up and chained together forced to work hard labor at gun point. The idea of it rained, elicits the picture of tears, sorrow and pain. She beats this line after each paragraph on this page as if meaning to continue to draw on the idea of sadness. Also by repeating this line she brings forth the idea of call and response. Morrison describes a little of this intense scene where Paul D is locked up in a cell that is filling with water, the call part of the tradition, then uses the line It rained (Morrison 129) as the response. She describes a little more of that scene, call. It rained, response. The use of the call and response tradition elicits a deep emotional reaction by the reader. Song and dance was the most effective way of continuing and passing on radiations throughout the slave communities. Song and dance were parts of their heritage they wanted to remember. So many bad things had happened to so many people that part of themselves shut off the bad and only remembered the good times they had while singing and dancing. Nan was the one she knew best, who was around all day, who nursed babies, cooked, had one good arm and half another. And who used different words. Words must be why she remembered so little before Sweet Home except singing and dancing (Morrison 74) Music and dance were also ways that the oppressed people could express homeless without as much fear of reprisals and punishments as other forms, especially reading and writing which were forbidden. The power of expression through the singing and the dancing is evident throughout the novel. Nearly all of the characters at one time or another participates in public or private expressions of their feelings and thoughts. Hear me know, love your heart. For this is the prize. Saying no more, she stood up then and danced with her twisted hip the rest to what her heart had to say while the other opened their mouths and gave her the music. Long notes held until the four- art harmony was perfect enough for their deeply loved flesh. Morrison 104) Throughout this novel Morrison uses many examples of music and dance as a means for these oppressed slaves to determine who they are and not allow the slave masters and the white people of that time to dictate who they are. By following the traditions of their ancestors, modifying the old traditions for the new generation, and by creating something entirely new and unique they were able to take the margin in which they had been placed and turn i t into their center. For a lot of slaves in that mime all they had in the whole world was their culture and traditions.

The Nineteen-seventies Was An Incredible Decade. It Was A Essays

The nineteen-seventies was an incredible decade. It was a decade of change, one of freedom, a time for great music. It was also an incredible decade for shock, fear and serial killers. John Wayne Gacy, an amateur clown, was a pedophiliac homosexual. He tortured and killed thirty three little boys and stored their remains under his house. David Berkowitz, a.k.a. the Son of Sam, stalked New York City from nineteen-sixty-seven to nineteen-seventy-seven. He claimed to have been following a voice from his dog that told him when and where to kill. Ted Bundy, who is believed to have killed at least thirty-four people, was charged for only three under his own defense- and in fact, he was commended by the judge for his own defense. He was put to death. With the combination of a very powerful media and a society fascinated with gruesome, sadistic crimes, modern serial killers have been put in the spotlight. We are enraptured with serial killers so much, that we pay seven dollars to go see a movie where everyone except the bad guys gets strangled, mutilated, or shot- and enjoy it in some sick way. The media goes out of its way to glamorize murder and terrify the public. We support killers like Charles Manson on Death Row with our tax dollars. In fact, we support them with more than that. About two months ago there was an art show in California entitled: The Death Row Art Show III. Pieces sold for thousands of dollars regardless of their aesthetic appeal, because of the identity of the artists. Serial killers are becoming as popular as rock stars. Serial killers are a development of the industrial world; they really didn't "come about" until the late eighteen-hundreds when society was becoming modernized and the threat of the new age sort of displaced some individuals so much they felt they had to kill to get their point across to society. Jack the Ripper is probably the most notorious killer in history because he established the serial killer profile. Ripper set up a pattern for the new line of mass murderers who would follow in the tradition of a truly organized killer. He had a sexual obsession with prostitutes that led him to target complete strangers for a days work. When he was done, he laid his victim out in a ritualistic manner with various disemboweled items placed strategically on or around the victim's corpse. Of course, murder has been around for centuries, committed by under-educated thieves. No one was interested in meeting, and hearing about a poor peasant that slit someones throat in a dark alley. But ever since the introduction of serial killers into our society, with their precision and strategy of the murder, the media became fascinated with these people, and so did society. So instead of killing or punishing these horrible people, we now have television networks arguing over movie rights to the killers story. News shows fighting to get the "exclusive interview". T-shirts with the killers faces on them(e.g.. the famous "Manson T-shirt"). The only explanation I can offer is that we are still obsessed with our own mortality, and we always will be. As long as we die, we'll be fascinated by those who seem to be invincible from death like, serial killers, Hitler...its almost as is we like to see the act of death itself, over and over, to observe the exact moment- or what it is that puts us over that incredible brink between life and death. I can honestly say I am fascinated with the serial killer. But since when did we condone the practice of serial killers? Why aren't they put to death promptly after being convicted, instead of being kept alive for the media to interview? You have to wonder who is making money in this. When we allow people like this to dominate our media, it's like we're saying its all right to murder. Did society and the media forget that the victims of those serial killers are us and our families? Its not the serial killers that affected the twentieth century so much, but the spotlight that allowed them to grow. Maybe if not for all the attention, there wouldn't of been so many deaths. There are so many maybes, so many problems. But it all comes down to one thing, basically, money. The media will do just about anything for money. When are they going to learn that they have been corrupting the minds and souls of observers everywhere? --- Works Cited Yofee, Ellen B. "Here Pigs!" Gear October 1995: 10-12 The editors of Time

Mexican and American culture essays

Mexican and American culture essays In the world there are many countries with many different habits or cultures. The North of the American Continent has two peculiar countries, these are close each other, but even though they are neighbors, they have different ways of life. These two countries are Mexico and United States. Mexico is in the south, above United States, it is smaller than U.S., and its a country with a lot of natural resources and different native cultures, The Olmecs, Teotihuacans, The Toltecs, and The Mayan. In other part United States is in the north over Mexico, it is a country with a lot of technology and it has distinct native cultures, Apache, Navajos, Indians, etc. Both Mexico and U.S. have different cultures and some aspects of these differences are, family, religion, nationalism, and ethics. First of all, in Mexico the family is the first priority, children are celebrated and sheltered, the wife fulfills domestic roles, and the mobility is limited, this means that families stay in one place. In United States the family is second to work, children are often minimally parented and they are independents, the wife often fulfills dual roles, and mobility is quite common, this is because the jobs sometimes require personal in different parts of the country. The religion is a very important subject because everybody believes in something. In Mexico the most common is the Long Roman Catholic tradition, and has a fatalistic outlook, As God will. In U.S. are mixed religions, and has Master of own life outlook. Like in every country nationalism is important. Mexico is very nationalistic, its proud of his long history and traditions, reluctant to settle outside Mexico. United States is very patriotic, proud of American way of life, assumes everyone shares his/her materialistic values. Ethics are the base of the values of a country. In Mexico truth is tempered by need for diplomacy, truth is a relati ...

Details are below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Details are below - Essay Example The article begins by stating the essential skills that a nurse should possess to make the patients comfortable while answering the questions posed by the nurse. According to the article a nurse who possesses good communication skills can make the process of taking the patient history more constructive. The article guides a nurse through the entire of process of taking patient history, by providing details about the manner of approach that should be followed by the nurse. For taking an accurate history of the patient, it is vital that the nurse is proficient in communication skills. â€Å"The nurse should be able to gather information in a systematic, sensitive and professional manner. Good communication skills are essential.† (Lloyd, 2007). And it is the development of these communication skills that is discussed in the article. The article also aids a nurse to communicate efficiently with the patients, by providing the kind of approach that the nurse should adopt while deali ng with the patients. â€Å"Practitioners should avoid the use of technical terms or jargon and, whenever possible, use the patient’s own words†. (Lloyd, 2007). When the patient is comforted by the approach of the nurse, he/she will not be hesitant to disclose the information needed by the nurse. The article also presents the requirement of obtaining the consent of the patient and the necessity of this procedure. It also mentions the various methods through which the consent of the patient can be acquired. The process of taking the history of the patient is divided into various sections. And the course of action that should be followed in each part by the nurse is presented in the article. In the article, the author has suggested some questions that can help the nurse in starting the process of taking of patient history. It also provides the details of the

Film Analysis of City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Film Analysis of City of God - Essay Example The story of City of God was adapted from the novel of the same name written by Paulo Sins. The central idea and the events portrayed in both the movie and the book are based upon actual incidents. The theme of City of God showcases the emerging criminal activities taking place in the sub-urban town of Rio de Janeiro. The criminal events showed in the movie were thought to be taking place between the end of 60s and in the early years of 80s. The movie discusses different social and political events which are present everywhere in every society of the world. It also shows that how these issues are eating the fabrics of a civilized society, what impact these issues are leaving on the minds of young generation and how lives of people are being affected by such events. City of God has received positive acclamation from all around the world due to the fact that the director has tried to convey the message of injustice and social infringement taking place not just in Brazil but everywhere in all parts of the world. Analysis of the movie: The director of the movie has made an effort to raise the questions concerning the social infrastructure, declining social values and growing youth crimes emerging in Brazil particularly in Robert de Janeiro which holds a strong position as a centre of all criminal activities. ... me of the movie revolve around the central idea that how lives of the poor people living in slums (favelas) of Rio were affected to the worse end in the time period of two decades. The movie is based upon real life events that are told through the eyes and words of a photographer Rocket who witness children and the youth of Rio taking a keen interest in forming street gangs and getting involved in drugs dealing and other criminal activities. The movie shows the clear transition of poor becoming poorer and rich becoming richer in Rio due to political instability and social injustice. The message conveyed through this movie is simple; it shows that how social inequality can harm the delicate minds of kids (in an imbalanced society as showed in the movie) which push them to transform into drug dealer, gangsters and wanted criminals. From â€Å"being a good human† their motive changes to â€Å"being rich and powerful.† The movie also raises the questions of political instab ility and corruption that are prevailing in Brazil from early times. Corruption in the country has further given rise to unequal distribution of wealth, divided society and racial discrimination which is expanding its sphere day by day greatly in different parts of Latin America (Jan Rocha). The story of City of God spans around two decades with 13 different characters; each representing a new face of violence with a tormented unrest soul. The movie revolves around violence which is an outcome of unjust social structure. The movie also highlights the burning question that how government fails to provide better living conditions and a promising future to the people of favelas. Civilized societies are known for their values, excellent social infrastructure, equality and justice. In advanced civilized

The New Zealand Social Worker Social Work Essay

The New Zealand Social Worker Social Work Essay Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ (daybreak) was a report requested by the Minister of Social Welfare in 1986, that investigated the ways in which they could better support MÄ ori clients and address the social needs of the MÄ ori people (Hollis, 2005). The report stated that MÄ ori were not being consulted on any decisions regarding education, social welfare and justice and that decisions were being made for, rather than by, MÄ ori people (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988, p. 18). It was the beginning of a period of change for the government of New Zealand, which challenged social workers and Aotearoa New Zealand institutions to examine themselves for institutional, cultural and personal racism (Nash, Munford, ODonoghue, 2005, p. 20). Historically Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ was the MÄ ori perspective for the Department of Social Welfare and the Children and Young Persons Act 1974 (Keddell, 2007). The report states throughout colonial history, inappropriate structures and Pakeha involvement in issues critical for MÄ ori have worked to break down traditional MÄ ori society by weakening its base-the whÄ nau, the hapÃ…Â «, the iwi (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988, p. 18). It was initiated due to the high amount of MÄ ori children in the care of the state, and because it was felt at the time, that the social welfare system was not inclusive of whÄ nau (Cram, n.d.). Cram states at the heart of the issue is a profound misunderstanding or ignorance of the place of the child in MÄ ori society and its relationship with whÄ nau (Families Commission, 2012). The Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report was delivered to the Minister in 1988, made thirteen recommendations which focus ed upon the need for the department to function in a bicultural manner and to share responsibility and authority for decisions with appropriate MÄ ori people (Waitangi Tribunal , 2012, p. 107). New Zealand had an obligation to the Te Tiriti O Waitangi (Treaty of Waitangi), which protects the rights of MÄ ori (tangata whenua) and provides validation for tauiwi (all those who have settled in this land after the arrival of MÄ ori) to live in this land (Nash et al., 2005. p. 160-161). With focus on bicultural practice, the government was duty-bound to make changes so that MÄ ori could be involved in decisions regarding MÄ ori, resulting in MÄ ori being involved in planning and service delivery at the tribal and community level (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988, p. 18). A review of the Children, Young Persons Act 1974 was necessary. The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 relate to children and young persons who are in need of care or protection or who offend against the law (Harris Levine, 1994, p. 75). It was established to regulate how the government responded toward children that had been abused or neglected or who were at risk of being youth offenders (Ministry of Social Development, n.d.). The Act introduced principles that changed the way decisions were made about children and young people, enabling family to become partners in the decision-making process to resolve family issues (Ministry of Social Development, n.d.). New Zealands obligation to the Te Tiriti O Waitangi has led to more culturally aware policies and practices. Historically the Children and Young Persons Act 1974 was thought to reinforce institutional racism, and didnt take into account the culture of the differing minorities throughout New Zealand (Keddell, 2007). MÄ ori felt their cultural values, that encompass the collective not the individual, were not being considered leading to unhappiness with the governmental institutions. (Keddell, 2007). The Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report had caused a paradigm shift in social work thinking (Nash et al., 2005. p. 20) and the New Zealand government had to make changes to recognise this. A change to policies caused a change in practice, therefore, the Code of Ethics became inclusive of MÄ ori culture and the Bicultural Code of Ethics was established. The Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics was founded on the guidelines enumerated by the International Federation of Social Workers (ANZASW, 2008). Its purpose is to: provide a definition of ethical social work, offer guidance, inspire and promote professionalism, guide social work students, underpin everyday practice and development and incorporate bicultural practice (ANZASW, 2008). Historically the ANZASW Code of Ethics was first developed in 1964, where the ANZASW was called NZASW and Code of Ethics was the Interim Code of Ethics (ANZASW, 2008). In 1976 after a conference in Puerto Rico it was decided to adopt the International Federation of Social Workers code, this transcended the Interim Code of Ethics (ANZASW, 2008). In 1993 a new code of ethics was developed, this was the first ANZASW Code of Ethics and Bicultural Code of Practice which recognises Te Tiriti O Waitangi to foster equitable collaboration between the diverse realities of its membership who are Tangata Whenua and Tauiwi (Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers, n.d.). The Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report was the foundation for bicultural practice in social work practice with MÄ ori and wider communities. Ruwhui (as cited in Nash et al., 2005) maintains biculturalism as being the relationship between cultures co-existing alongside one another (p.97). The advent of biculturalism caused government agencies and social workers to reflect on the practices they employed and the ones they reproduced from overseas to see if they demonstrated the same cultural principles that New Zealand now practiced (Nash et al., 2005). Social workers are now guided by new principles that recognise family as being an integral part of MÄ ori culture, the Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1989 states the principle that the primary role in caring for and protecting a child or young person lies with the childs or young persons family, whÄ nau, hapÃ…Â «, iwi, and family group (New Zealand Legislation, n.d.). The Act has introduced family group conferences where family, extended family and community representatives meet together and discuss the consequences for care and protection cases or when the child has been involved in illegal behaviour so that the court is not necessarily involved (Levine, 2000). This has proved worthwhile and Maxwell and Morris (2006) state both the philosophy underpinning this system and the use of family group conferences exemplify a restorative justice approach that has now been adopted in many other countries (p. 239). The ANZASW Code of Ethics and Bicultural Code of Ethics has impacted the development of social work practice in MÄ ori and wider social work communities by incorporating the Te Tiriti O Waitangi and its commitment to creating a more anti-racist practice (ANZASW, 2008). Social workers now are responsible for the promotion of change in mono-cultural agencies and organisations therefore assisting in the protection of the integrity of Tangata Whenua (ANZASW, 2008, p. 7). Webster and Bosmann-Watene (as cited in Nash, et al., 2005) state the challenge for practitioners is to provide appropriate interventions that meet the cultural and clinical needs of MÄ ori (p. 20). The ANZASW uses bicultural practice to foster equitable collaboration between the diverse realities of its membership who are Tangata Whenua and Tauiwi (Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers, n.d.). According to Barker (as cited in Sheafor and Horejsi, 2008) social justice is an ideal condition in which all members of a society has the same basic rights, protection, opportunities and social benefits (p.22). In order for the fair and equal treatment of MÄ ori in New Zealand the Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report recommended that the Department of Social Welfare improve its training methods of practitioners in the social work field (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988). The Department of Social Welfare needed to identify suitable people to institute training programmes to provide a MÄ ori perspective for training courses more directly related to the needs of the MÄ ori people impacted social workers commitment to social justice (Ministerial Advisory Committee, 1988). The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 impact social workers commitment to social justice, in how they advocate for children and their families. As a social worker one needs to be able to challenge governmental policies and structures that are ineffective. The social worker must be aware of not only the individual experience to the broader structural issues but how the individual and the social structures relate to one another (OBrien, 2011, p. 71). The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 could be considered an example of social justice as it publicised the racism that was thought to be in government institutions and practice, which made anti-racism towards the minority cultures part of the objective. The ANZASW Code of Ethics has impacted social workers commitment to social justice in that they now advocate social justice and principles of inclusion and choice for all members of society (ANZASW, 2008, p. 8), particularly minority races and the disadvantaged. Social workers must recognise and value clients, integrating anti-discriminatory practice, the practice in which a social work practitioner strives to reduce, undermine or eliminate discrimination and oppression (Thompson, 2006). In conclusion key principles like the Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report, the Children, Young Persons and Their Families Act 1989, and the ANZASW Code of Ethics have introduced biculturalism by honouring the Treaty of Waitangi. The Pà ¼ao-te-Ata-tà ¼ report has brought about the inclusiveness of MÄ ori with regard to decision making in policies that involve them. Similarly, The Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 have included whÄ nau, hapÃ…Â « and iwi in decision making while the ANZASW Code of Ethics focuses on anti-discriminatory practice to provide fair bicultural service to clients of all cultures. This has impacted social work in New Zealand by creating a more accepting culturally aware practice. Social workers now consider MÄ ori as a collective rather than as individuals and through training and commitment can provide a more encompassing and holistic service.

Pathos for the Native American Indian Essay

â€Å"Brother, our seats were once large, and yours were very small; you have now become a great people, and we have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets; you have got our country, but are not satisfied; you want to force you religion upon us† (177) Long before the white man appeared, Native Americans owned the great and vast lands, relying on and praising the Great Spirit for sun, rain, and life. Upon crossing the seas, the white man was welcomed and befriended. As the white men grew in numbers, so did their appetite for land and control. The Caucasians brought contention, confusion, distrust, and problems. As though all of this were not enough, they also brought a new, â€Å"superior† religion. Red Jacket, an eloquent chiefly orator, finally spoke up for the Native population in his Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief to a Missionary. Red Jacket effectively appeals to pathos using comparison, sufficiency, and tone to convince white missionaries that Native Americans do not wish to worship as the white man, to destroy his religion, or to take it from him; but only to enjoy their own. Red Jacket relies on pathos to convince the white missionaries that the Native’s religion must be saved and guarded. Where there was no common ground between the Caucasians and the Indians, Red Jacket chose to relate to his audience through universal human emotions. His speech allows the listener or reader to visualize the injustices felt by a nation of people who had their homelands stolen from them. To convey the importance of saving their religion, Red Jacket compares the Indian’s religion and the Caucasian’s religion. Instead of focusing merely on the Indian’s noncompliance to the white man’s religion; he braces his arguments in describing his own religion. The contrast between the two beliefs is as distinct as the contrast between their skins. Red Jacket opens his speech saying, â€Å"Friend and Brother, it was the will of the Great Spirit that we should meet together this day† (176). He continues  describing the Great Spirit as a great being with immense love for his red children. It is the Great Spirit that brings the sun up each morning and down each night; it is the Great Spirit who created the buffalo, deer, and all other animals; it is the Great Spirit that taught them to hold a great reverence for life and earth. From this description of the Great Spirit, several themes can be seen that coincide between the Indian’s beliefs and their actions. The Native’s compassionate, respectful, and thankful nature correlates with their humble belief in the Great Spirit. Compare that to the Caucasian’s greedy, proud, ethnocentric nature. These traits are contradictory between the their beliefs and actions. By contrasting, Red Jacket shows that the white man’s presentation of Christianity was h ypocritical in that their words conflict with their actions. Red Jacket’s most powerful comparison of the two cultures’ religion is found in his conclusion: â€Å"Brother, if your white men murdered the son of the Great Spirit, we Indians had nothing to do with it, and it is none of our affair. If he had come among us we would not have killed him; we would have treated him well, you must make amends for that crime yourselves† (178). In this inference to the crucifixion, Red Jacket makes a subtle but distinct statement about the difference between the Caucasians and the Indian. In essence, he is saying that only the white man is capable of murdering their own savior; an accusation that undoubtedly solicited a strong reaction. To raise the awareness of the grievous deeds done to the Indians by the Caucasians, Red Jacket uses sufficient evidence of the white man’s dealings with the Natives to exemplify the lies told by the Caucasians to the Indian. He specifically describes the ways in which the white man has taken advantage of the Indians trust to invoke sympathy from the reader. First, Red Jacket effectively leads into his injuries from the white man by illustrating the Indian’s initial hospitality to the Caucasians. Speaking of the Caucasian’s arrival, Red Jacket states: â€Å"They found tribes, and not enemies; they sat down among us. We did not fear them; we took them to be friends; they called us brothers; we believed them† (177). But this first encounter between red and white skin would later be known as an evil day. In  Red Jacket’s words: â€Å"We gave them corn and meat; they gave us poison in return† (177). He tells how the Indians were deceived, giving all they had to the white newcomers who took and took until the Indians had nothing left. The white men crowded them out, claimed their lands, brought with them liquor, contention, and confusion. All of the evidence Red Jacket includes sufficiently shows the reader how the Caucasian stripped the Indian’s of everything, even their culture and religion. Use of such evidence entices the reader’s empathy. Red Jacket is selective in the tone of his text to ensure that he speaks to the white man in equality with respect. Despite the Caucasian’s tendency to talk down to the Native’s, Red Jacket speaks as though on the same level. This equality is apparent throughout the entire text as Red Jacket consistently addresses the white man as â€Å"Brother†. As he was a victim, one would assume that Red Jacket’s reply would be livid, however, he delivers his speech in a very patient, respectful, and firm tone. In doing so, Red Jacket demonstrates an awareness of his audience. He surely knew that speaking words of hostility would only solicit an equal and opposite reaction that would have no chance of fostering change. Never once does he criticize or try to press his own beliefs on the Caucasians; he simply declines to accept Christianity. â€Å"Brother, the Great Spirit has made us all; but he has made a great difference between his white and red children; he has given us a different complexion, and different customs. Since he has made so great a difference between us in other things, why may we not conclude that he has given us a different religion according to our understanding; the Great Spirit does right; he knows what is best for his children; we are satisfied† (178). This exemplifies Red Jacket’s tone in his speech. A level of tolerance can be seen in this quote, which has a pacifying affect on the reader. His firm and civil tone makes his point successfully. Whether or not Red Jacket’s oratory caused much change in the Caucasian’s dealings with the Native Americans, it made a strong statement concerning the Indian’s stance on religious values. His speech is persuasive, considerably due to his ability to play on the pathos of the listener or  reader. In contrasting religions through beliefs and actions, providing sufficient, convincing, and supporting evidence, and speaking in a tone appropriate to his audience; Red Jacket makes it very clear why the Indian’s have no desire to adapt the white man’s religion. Through pathos, he draws the reader’s sentiments to see their case. â€Å"We also have a religion which was given to our forefathers, and has been handed down to us their children. We worship that way. It teaches us to be thankful for all the favours we receive; to love each other, and to be united† (178). In Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief to a Missionary, it becomes obvious t hat religion is a deep rooted part of Native American culture that should be protected at all costs.

Courage (To Kill A Mockingbird) Essay

The dictionary definition for courage is- Courage is the quality of mind that enables one to face danger or difficulty with confidence, resolution, and gain a firm control of oneself. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird show courage in their own way. Courage can come in many different forms: physical, mental, emotional and moral. Atticus shows courage throughout the novel while he stands up for what he believes is right even though he knows the majority of people disagree with his views. Atticus sees differently because he went to university and he got an education where he learnt about values and equality whereas the people of Maycomb who do not have the same education are basing their decision on what their family taught them and being from the south they have been taught to discriminate against which is why they treat Tom Robinson so unfairly. Atticus is also forced to shoot the mad dog (106-107) which is against his moral standards but he knew he had to kill it, not only to protect the people of Maycomb, he also had to put the dog out of its misery which took a lot of his strength and courage. Mrs Dubose shows courage and determination when she recognises that she has a flaw and that she has to fix it. She is addicted to Morphine and makes a goal to die free of her weakness. She goes through a time of withdrawal that is difficult to survive. She finishes her goal before she dies. She enlists Jem to read to her every Saturday as a way of distracting herself. It still takes a great amount of self-confidence to be able to recognise that one has a flaw and even more to do something about it. Scout shows a large amount of courage in the scene where Atticus goes down to the jailhouse in an attempt to try and protect Tom Robinson. After he arrives at the jail, a group of men appear in the jail with the intention of killing Robinson. Atticus is prepared to defend him, but he is thrown off guard when his children enter the situation. This makes Atticus nervous that his children are in danger. That was when Scout stepped up to the men and talked them down from attacking Tom and Atticus. Another example of courage is when Scout rolls the tire into the Radley yard. She is terrified when she realises where she is and her immediate reaction is to run straight back to the street. When she gets back Jem tells her to go back and get the tyre but Jem ends up doing it anyway. When Jem returns he accuses Scout of being a sissy girl. What he doesn’t know because Scout decided not to tell him is that Scout heard laughter from inside the house. That is why she ran out so fast, forgetting the tyre. But she chose not to explain this to them.