The Integration Of The European Union - 1843 Words

The Americans did it – uniting almost the entire continent into a United States of America, and the Europeans did it too – creating the European Union with a single currency and governing principles. However, unifying large swathes of political territories is not as easy as it would seem and Africa’s diverse cultural, ethnic, economic and political interests may not allow the transition into a union to be smooth or even viable. The unification of countries, such as that in the European Union has its set of problems – especially with the more developed countries suffering huge immigration from the less developed countries in the union. Political developments like these threaten the stability of the entire region – and with African nations poised at varying degrees of development – from the highest end of the spectrum with South Africa, to the lowest end with Ethiopia and Congo an African Union may never be possible. This paper explores the pit falls of the unionization of African countries, and argues that Africa should refrain from taking such a politically, economically and culturally disastrous step. The Dream of a United States of Africa The dream of a United States of Africa is not new. In fact, a number of Black visionaries and leaders have argued for the construction of a united Africa in the past. Marcus Garvey, a Black Nationalist leader and journalist had passionately protested for the creation of such a union (Clarke, 1974). A number of artists, includingShow MoreRelatedEuropean Integration And The European Union1638 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough European integration has primarily come about through the European Union and its policies, the idea of a united Europe can be traced back to Ancient Greece. The first we hear of Europe as a geographic concept was in the 7th/8th century BC through the infamous Myth of Europa (Greekmythology.com, 2015). The myth is about a Phoenician princess, Europa (after which the continent was named), who has a dream where she was called to by an unknown land telling her, she belongs to it (GreekmythologyRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union2920 Words   |  12 Pag es Throughout the development of the European Union, many political thinkers tried to give their interpretation of EU, to theorize its essence to give a clear picture and show the path that EU is most likely to take in future. Those have organized themselves in several schools of thought, out of which there are two dominant ones- intergovernmentalism and neo-functionalism. The former was first mentioned by Stanley Hoffmann- professor of Harvard University and then picked up by others. The latterRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union1936 Words   |  8 Pages 2. In this article Hass intends to explains the European integration and relate them to a broader subject of universal integration. 3. The author uses information derived from studying the European integration story and various other unions in different regions. 4. In this article, the idea is to study the European integration and to understand what are the precursors that lead to such a unionization and if it can be formulated in other regions in order to create a more organized system of governanceRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union Essay1784 Words   |  8 PagesThe European Union is one of most contested subjects in the study of Politics and International Relations and there are often debates over the process and effects of integration in Europe. There is no single theory of the European Union however, many theories have emerged throughout time that offer various interpretations of both how and why European integration developed. Many would argue that European i ntegration has been the most triumphant experiment in international cooperation in all of humanRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union3311 Words   |  14 PagesOver the years as the European identity developed, it inevitably came across the issue of justice and home affairs (JHA) and to what extant it had dictation over its member states’ borders. As the European Community and later the European Union established and expanded its policies over issues such as asylum, immigration and police, judicial cooperation, many began to criticize the European Union saying it was relinquishing the sovereignty of its member states. As the mandate over justice and homeRead MoreThe Integration Of The European Union1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe European Union [hereinafter referred to as the EU] has sought to establish a uniform citizenship regime that both acknowledges and respects the demands of its Member States. The task of creating uniformity has been complicated by the s eemingly divergent legal, political and social norms that exist within the borders of its constituting States. Combined, these conflicting positions have created an environment whereby integration through citizenship into the EU as a collective, and its MemberRead MoreThe Integration Of The European Union2017 Words   |  9 Pagessurrounding human rights, migration and asylum to manage this demand. At the same time as the European Union (EU) experienced a great influx of immigration into its territory, it has been working towards developing closer ties between member states and the people of Europe. The migration crisis has created a tension, however, between the member states. Where there needs to be a predisposition toward integration this has migrated to one of disintegration. With border crossings heavily regulated and responsibilityRead MoreThe Integration Of The European Union2289 Words   |  10 Pagesfacilitates transnationalism with enables Europeanisation (Ernste, 2009) . Europeanisation is the idea that European values and regulations are being transferred from the European Union (EU) to other European and non-European states on a local and governmental scale However, this is not a static process; increasing expansion into Eastern Europe is redefining and challenging the paradigm of European identity and promoting Europeanisation (Clark and Jones 2008). Europeanisation may be argued as a negativeRead MoreEuropean Integration And The European Union Enlargement2051 Words   |  9 Pagesall, the why and how of the European Union enlargement. Starting from outlining the main reasons of the European integration and its benefits, as well as the perspectives of the controversial issues that the European integration presents. In particular, the difficulties of agreeing which country should join the monetary union and the numerous problems that the enlargement brings to the other European states, taking into account the major changes that the monetary union bring. The literature reviewRead MoreEconomic Integration And The European Union1583 Words   |  7 PagesEurope worked towards economic and political integration. The economic integration began in 1958, with the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), which included Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The EEC removed tariffs on goods produced wit hin those six countries, in order to promote trade and reconstruction after the war. In 1993 the EEC was renamed to the European Union (EU), when the focus of just economic integration began to include policies of â€Å"climate

How the Term Play Has Changed Over Time Essay - 2303 Words

Alteration in the meaning of play over period of time and how it has acted upon us? Factors responsible for the change in definition of play between nineteen’s and twenty-first centuries and how it has acted upon us? What is play? In Oxford dictionary the definition of play is not for practical or serious purpose rather it an activity which is based on one’s engagement for recreation and enjoyment. Being a play designer my definition of play is it helps in developing individuals and growing with others as a part of the community. It It strengths the family, helps in developing friendship and relationship. It increases your leisure skills, self esteem and worth. It acts as a power booster, energies, relaxes you increases emotional, mental†¦show more content†¦My parents use to play and help us in building a good relationship, trust and comfort level. The family also plays an important part in developing physical development. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home. Professionals analyzed that social skills develop on the playground often increases the lifelong skill sets which carried forward till their adulthood. Playgrounds are much productive and beneficial. Before 1900s children used to be encouraged to play free and spontaneous play like skipping, running, catching, etc. also some games (rule based) like Gilli Danda, Kho-Kho, Cricket, Pakram -Pati (Catch Me), hide and Seek which played on playgrounds are a beneficial type of play. Exciting challenges, and engaging playground equipment has helped children to be happy while developing their learning abilities. It develops different stages of learning, creativity and imagination with role play. But nowadays urbanization is among one of the factors which are supporting change of play and are greatly influencing physical play. Before Urbanization in India much large courtyards and open land was available. Considering the scenario in India when urbanization was beginning people from various under developing cities started migrating towards developing cities. †¢ Thus issues like population were also raised. Case, Mumbai one of the metro citiesShow MoreRelatedHow Culture Influences Health Of All Individuals1389 Words   |  6 PagesHow Culture Influences Health in America Culture plays a great role in the health of all individuals. The American race has a vast influence over other cultures that migrate to the United States. Unfortunately, the dietary habits of the average American can lead to an increased health risk and a variety of problems that will further be elaborated on. It is important to remember that health is not just the physical aspect that everyone assumes when they consider the word health. It actually hasRead MoreAnalysis of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Arthur Millers play Death of a Salesman was a hit nearly from its debut, and its importance to American literature and theater has not diminished in the over half a century since its first performance in 1949. However, the specific areas of the play that have most intrigued critics have changed over time, as different historical, social, and literary concerns lead critics to come up with different interpretations. By analyzing three different cr itical responses to Death of a Salesman, it will beRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagespace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Human resources, capital, natural resources, entrepreneurship, and technology all play a factor in to a rapid change of pace. They are likely to increase because all of these factors are growing rapidly. 2. What role does entrepreneurship play in the economy? Who stands to gain from the success of individual entrepreneurs? How do other parties benefit? Entrepreneurship is key to the economy andRead MoreThe History of the Term Academy Explained in â€Å"Academies of Art; Past and Present† by Nikolaus737 Words   |  3 Pagesencompasses the history of academies in general. Beginning from the Plato’s time, the term â€Å"academy† has changed its connotations. The writing style is eloquent, yet covers the developments on the topic in every era. The writer used the article as a prologue for the reader to understand the term â€Å"academy† in order to make sense of the forthcoming chapters of the book. As the term had varied meanings, its reference in each century has different meanings and background. This summary consists of the descriptionRead MoreEssay On Buried Child And Buried Child1198 Words   |  5 Pages Rose in Fences and Halie from Buried Child are the two main women in the play that face many different struggles in their life. They are trapped in a disarray life where they have to pick up after their disrespectful husbands. They try to hold up and take care of their dysfunctional family and while doing so they both fail in obtaining the American Dream. The women in these plays both have something in common; they have to deal with their selfish husbands. They both seem to struggle toRead MoreWhat Kind Of Music Is Acoustic Music?1731 Words   |  7 Pagessimilar. But there are lots of differences between them in terms of the sound they produced. Electronic music relies on electrical signals to pass through a microphone, and amplifier to make sound while acoustic music uses no electricity to produce sound relying instead of echoes produced inside the instrument. Also acoustic is more hollow and electric has a sharper sound. Acoustical Guitar Guitars are the amazing instrument to play anywhere you go as it is portable to carry. Because ofRead MoreHum 176 Wk 2 Media Convergence Worksheet1041 Words   |  5 Pagesbrief 250- to 300-word answers to each of the following: Questions Answers What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? The term media convergence with regards to technology is defined as a process of combining together the telecommunications and computers and turning them into one electronic or digital form. The media convergence has affected our everyday life as we know it in many ways, you can now watch television shows, listenRead MoreThe Dreamers Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss how your understanding of change has been developed by your prescribed and related texts. 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Literary comedy can be sub-divided into ‘Burlesque’ (associated with the ridiculous), ‘Comedy of Manners’, ‘Satirical’Read MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the social

Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene Free Essays

string(51) " the synthesis of A\? \(Felician and Sandson 20\)\." Alzheimer’s disease, AD, is a distressing condition that involves the decline in cognition of the mind which results to psychotic disorder, and affective and behavioral disturbances (Bloom 9). It is a progressive central nervous system disorder and the main cause of dementia (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Alois Alzheimer in 1907 reported the case of a 51-year old Frankfurt woman who died in dementia (Bloom 9). We will write a custom essay sample on Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene or any similar topic only for you Order Now He described the neuropathological condition of the woman with neurofibrillary tangles or NFTs and amyloid plaques or NPs (Bloom10). NPs are extracellular beta-amyloid peptide or A? Spherical deposits closely related to dendrites, reactive astrocytes, dystrophic axons, and activated microglia (Felician and Sandson 19). Thus, for several decades, collaborative efforts of experts from different scientific and medicinal endeavors were devoted for the neurological and pathophysiological characterization of this disease (Bloom 9). As such, the roles of four specified genes, as well as the mechanism of oxidative stress, tau, inflammation, hormonal changes, and inflammation on the AD’s neurodegeneration have been the central theme of scientific studies conducted on this disease (Felician and Sandson 19). As experts continuously gained insights on the mechanisms of neurodegeneration, pharmacological strategies are concurrently devised for the development of appropriate drug treatment and interventions (Felician and Sandson 19). Molecular Mechanism Early and late onset ADs are types of familial AD which are genetically heterogeneous. Familial AD is accounted for 10% of AD cases from 30-60 year old patients and ascribed to three types of genes which included APP, presenilin-1 or PSEN1 and presenilin-2 or PSEN2 (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Nonetheless, the mutations in these genes also cause A? -level increase; A? is generated by proteolytic APP fragment that was also observed in the brains of AD patients (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). However, not all AD cases can be attributed to the three identified genes. Genes are then the most important determinant of AD development (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 2). On the other hand, there is a great chance for children with parents having history of familial AD to inherit the genetic traits and develop either early-onset or late-onset AD (Jayadev et. al. 375). As well, AD development threat in the offspring is directly related to age; the tendency of AD occurrence among children of parents with historical AD background increases as the children gain progress in their growth and development (Jayadev et. al. 375). The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, on cellular level, has been consistently observed. The pyramidal neurons are the type of cortical cells that are fundamentally deteriorated in AD pathogenesis resulting to the spread of NPs and NFTs in cortex areas (Felician and Sandson 20). Both NPs and NFTs are normally found in brain areas in the aging process but their concentrations and densities are peculiar in the case of AD (Felician and Sandson 20). Originally, NPs are found at the amygdala and concentrated in parietal association and order temporal cortex parts (Felician and Sandson 20). In the maturity of AD, NPs can also be observed in hippocampus, in other structures of mesial temporolimbic brain, and even in cortical and meningeal blood vessels (Felician and Sandson 20). Luckily, the areas for sensorimotor and visual are remained unaffected. Meanwhile, in the early stage of AD, NFTs can be found hippocampus, amygdala, and in entorhinal cortex, the association cortex has abundance of NFTs (Felician and Sandson 20). However, NFTs are not exclusively for the cases of AD, these are also detected in the several cerebral troubles like in dementia pugilistica, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Felician and Sandson 20). The formation of NPs is attributed to the A ? peptide deposition; A ? peptide types that only differ in C-terminal are common in cerebrovascular and extracellular plaques (Felician and Sandson 19). A ? peptide, made up of 39-43 amino acids, is normally generated from APP or amyloid precursor protein. In addition, the series of hydrophobic C-terminal is crucial in its solubility and amyloid formation rate (Felician and Sandson 19). As such, A ? with 40 amino acids, A ? 40, as well as A? peptide with 42 and 43 amino acids or A? 42 and A ? 43 respectively (Felician and Sandson 19). However, in vitro, the variants of A? 42 and A? 43 can easily form insoluble fibrils as compared with the A? 40 variant (Felician and Sandson 19). Furthermore, the incubation of these A? variants can immediately lead to coalescence implying the possible amyloid plaque deposition through these components. In line with this, diffuse plaques have nonfibrillary and A? soluble constituents denoting the senile plaques’ early stage (Felician and Sandson 19). Likewise, diffuse plaques have A? deposits in the absence of neuritic degeneration (Felician and Sandson 19). On the other hand, neurofibrillary tangles, comprised of abnormal bundles of intraneuronal filaments, are made up of tau microtubule-associated protein with high degree of phosphorylation (Felician and Sandson 19). The degree of phosphorylation is largely dependent on the enzymatic activities of kinases that are not yet fully understood (Felician and Sandson 19). Nevertheless, the intraneuronal abnormal filaments arrange themselves in either parallel or helical bundles in perikaryotic cytoplasm that make them in contact with the dentritic processes (Felician and Sandson 19). The amyloid precursor protein, a membrane glycoprotein, is consisted of 28 A? extracellular residues and 12 to 15 putative transmembrane residues (Felician and Sandson 20). It also occurs as 695, 751, and 770-amino acid isoform. While the 695-amino acid isoform occurs mainly in neurons, 770 and 751-amino acid forms are seen on both non-neural and neural cells along with protease inhibitor domains (Felician and Sandson 20). APPs are carried into the cell membrane by secretory vesicles and may undergo proteolytic bond breakage through the action of ? -secretase (Felician and Sandson 20). Consequently, this cleavage generates ? -APP, a soluble ectodomain and the precursor for A? peptide production through cleavage in A? domain. As the generation of soluble APP is, in vitro, ascribed with the activity of protein kinase C, uncleaved APP is inferred to take the proteolytic pathway (Felician and Sandson 20). On the other hand, APP intracerllular recycling and management are done through endocytotic or endosome-lysosome means. The endocytotic route causes proteolytic cleavages by means of ? – and ? -secratases leading to the synthesis of A? (Felician and Sandson 20). You read "Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene" in category "Papers" Moreover, A? production is enhanced by intracellular calcium concentration which denoted the significance of calcium-rich proteases in A? production (Felician and Sandson 20). In vivo, APP cleavage occurs at N-terminus at the A? -region through the action of ? -secretase and at the C-terminus by means of ? -secretase activity (Mohan 1). Also, APP can take a pathway facilitated by ? -secretase at the A? -peptide domain producing soluble ? -APP (Mohan 1). Ezymes can also possibly attack APP without A? -peptide generation (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). Since the putative ? -secretase, under the control of kinase C, regulates the generation of soluble APP, any agents that supports this metabolism may hinder the A? production (Felician and Sandson 21). As well, A? deposition may also be lessened by drugs which inhibit APP cleavage into ? – and ? -secratases (Felician and Sandson 21). Nonetheless, agents that can impede A? coalescence would decrease its neurotoxicity effects (Felician and Sandson 21). After the formation of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and inflammation dictates the death of neurons (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In relation to this, microglia and astrocytes cells of the brain are heavily affected by inflammatory process (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD patients, astrocytes are enlarged and produce prostaglandin which in turn sends signal to activate the inflammation mediated by arachidonic acid (Stavljenic-Rukavina, 1). On the other hand, microglia generates free radicals which cause neurons’ death (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). Meanwhile, cell nutrients as well as its regulation components are transported through the microtubules in which structural properties are mainly dependent on tau protein (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). In AD condition, the tau lessens its capability to bind with microtubules and binds with other tau protein resulting to knots of helical filaments called as neurofibrillary tangles (Stavljenic-Rukavina 1). APP Duplication is Sufficient to Cause Early Onset Alzheimer’s Dementia with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Studies showed that A? encoding through APP gene expression leads to the development of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42, a 42-amino acid product of the proteolytic process (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Aside from the cleavage of APP into alpha, beta, and gamma secretases, high APP genetic expression results to elevated levels of A? 42 and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Meanwhile, it has been long known that APP level triplication in Down’s syndrome patients results to the development of Alzheimer type dementia at early stage; the APP excessive expression leads to neurodegeneration and A? deposition (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In relation to this, it was reported that families with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and early onset Alzheimer type dementia had APP genomic duplications which implied that APP over-expression, without full trisomy 21, has triggered the Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2977). In addition, Alzheimer-type dementia patients have elevated APP mRNA levels in their brains (Sleegers et. al. 2977). Further, the variation on the transcription of APP gene due to genetic factors was believed as the underpinning factor in the pathogenesis of the disease (Sleegers et. al. 2978). In fact, three APP mutations were observed on Alzheimer-type early-onset dementia patients. These mutations, as seen in vitro by means of trisomy 21, caused a two-fold elevation of in APP transcriptions (Sleegers et. al. 2978). With the aforementioned evidences on APP elevation through APP genomic mutations or duplications which resulted to the development of early onset AD, it could logically infer that A? has a crucial role in its aetiology (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Hence, for the evaluation of APP locus duplication on Alzheimer-type dementia cases, Sleegers et. al. conducted a study on Dutch population with early onset Alzheimer-type dementia patients. Material and Methods In the approval of the University of Antwerp medical ethical committee, the respondents of this research were recruited form an epidemiological study on early onset AD in several provinces of The Netherlands and in Rotterdam (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Patients with early-onset dementia diagnosis were enlisted based on the recommendation of medical experts and healthcare providers. As such, the assessment of the patients’ conditions was done in accordance with the standards of the Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association, and the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Medical records of the patients and their respective relative with similar trait inheritance were made available for an in-depth examination. Meanwhile, for the assessment of genetic inheritance, 111 patients with ages 33 to 65 years old of which had 75 respondents with familial background of either late or early-onset of dementia and 10 of which have autosomal dominant inheritance history for several generations of their respective clans were studied (Sleegers et. al. 2978). The genomic DNA or gDNA was derived from lymphocytes and alleles of APP were measured by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Also, the PrimerExpress software was utilized for the design of ? 2-microglubulin or hB2M, exon 5, 11, and 18, ubiquitin C or hUBC, ATP5J, APP, and GABPA (Sleegers et. al. 2978). As the APP alleles were normalized for hB2M and hUBC, 20 nanograms of genomic DNA were combined with the PCR and 400 nanomoles of the respective primers (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Finally, the duplication of the samples was done by means of dosage quotients or DQs calculation through six normal individuals and dementia patients. Patients with trisonomy 21 were also included as controls (Sleegers et. al. 2978). Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH, was utilized to determine APP genomic duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2978). FISH was performed on both interphase nuclei and metaphase chromosomes while the Epstein-Barr virus-transformed patients’ lymphoblasts were taken from the metaphase period by means of 0. 1 microgram/milliliter colcemid treatment and incubated, at 37 °C for 25 minutes, in hypotonic solution of 1 molar sodium hydroxide, 30 millimolar glycerol, 0. 8 millimolar magnesium chloride, 2 millimolar HEPES, and 1 millimolar calcium chloride (Sleegers et. al. 2978). This suspension then was used for 106 cells per milliliter as the chromosomes’ mechanical stretching was done through cyto-centrifugation. On the other hand, the Multiplex Amplicon Quantification, MAQ, was applied in the detection of APP locus duplication. MAQ was comprised of multiplex PCR amplification of the reference amplicons and targets which were tainted with fluorescent substance (Sleegers et. al. 2978). After MAQ, DNA fragment analysis, and comparison target amplicon DQ between control individuals and the patients were done (Sleegers et. al. 2979). Results and Discussion Real-time PCR APP measurements of 10 probands showed heterozygous duplication (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Based on the Dutch population sample, APP duplication along with segregation pattern and neuropathology tantamount to autosomal dominant inheritance and AD with excessive CAA were identified with APP duplication in a family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Specifically, the genomic APP locus duplication were observed in five of the 65 family cases with early onset AD autosomal dominance while APP duplication was detected in a single out of ten family cases early-onset AD autosomal dominance (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Even though these numbers are small, the data generated from this study illuminated the significance of genomic APP locus duplication assessment when simple mutations were excluded in AD known genes (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In the 65 patients with familial AD history, a single genomic duplication was identified (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In addition, the genomic duplications among the Dutch samples have 1. 8% overall frequency and 2. 7% frequency in AD patients and family (Sleegers et. al. 2982). In contrast, duplication was failed to be detected on 36 patients with irregular early-onset AD which denoted that the duplication of de novo genomic APP is a weak cause of early-onset Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Moreover, the duplication observed among the Dutch family samples has only APP which proved that genomic APP duplication, regardless of adjacent genes, has the capacity for AD and CAA mixed phenotype (Sleegers et. al. 2982). As well, duplication size differences signified the non-specific recombination substrate from the genomic attributes of APP locus; APP rather is in increased recombination region as imparted by other factors such as low transcription repeats (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Nevertheless, the mutation that affects APP expression among 4. 5% of the Dutch participants that either genomic APP duplication or APP mutation promoter carrier, are the frequent cause of Alzheimer-type dementia (Sleegers et. al. 2982). Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene The cleavage of APP produces A? with associated neurotoxicity; hence, genetic studies postulated that abnormal A? deposition neuropathologic AD conditions (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The abnormal deposition of A? in AD patients has been ascribed to APP gene missence mutations and the proteolytic APP cleavage producing A? 42 which in turn triggers the development of early-onset AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). The most solid proof for this notion is the case on trisomy 21 wherein the duplication of APP gene results to increased A? peptide level and aggregation of such in the amyloid plaques of the brain (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). While the presenilin enyzymes enhance fibrillogenic APP conversion, the APOE or alipolipoprotein-E elevates A? coalescence and deposition (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Since A? production is associated with APP concentration and on other factors in both A? and APP syntheses, it was hypothesized that the expression of APP gene is a determinant of AD development (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1793). Recently, a study reported the weak relation between AD inheritance and microsatellite sequence in the APP first intron and a tetranucleotide non-association with AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Hence, to further scrutinize this issue, Athan et. al. anchored their study on APP promoter variant screening in tri-ethnic populations which included white, Caribbean Hispanic, and African-American as they intended to determine APP promoter identities. Methodology The respondents in this study were Manhattan residents of Washington Heights with ages of more than 65 years (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Personal interview and medical background check, neuropsychological, physical and neurological examinations were done on the participants. In addition, individuals with questionable dementia, Parkinson disease, and other types of dementia were excluded in the study. Consequently, a total of 1,077 participants was successfully enlisted, whereas, 16% of them has family history of stroke (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For genotyping, DNA from 1,013 respondents was taken as the panel of neuropsychologists and physicians established the criteria for the identification of AD patients along with the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The oligonucleotide primers used for APP promoter PCR amplification came from GenBank (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). From genomic DNAs and by means of Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase, the fragments were amplified while the product sequence was determined through dye terminators (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Meanwhile, 15 microliter of the PCR products was introduced into WAVE fragment DNA analyzer (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). The haplotypes PCR products were individually cloned through pGL3 vector in between SacI and Bg III sites (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). On the other hand, U-87 MG glioma cells were cultured with the solution of Earle’s balanced salt and 2 millimolar L-glutamine with 10% fecal calf serum in EMEM medium (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). At 70% confluence, the cells were transferred by means of FuGene 6 reagent and pGL3 vectors were added to transfected DNA to maintain a constant concentration of about 1 microgram per plate of 35 squared millimeter (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). While the isotonic solution of phosphate-buffered sodium chloride was used to wash the U-87 cells, the 250 microliter Reporter Lysis Buffer was applied for cell lysis (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). After this, the centrifugation of the cell extract was done at 10,000 g for five minutes. From the supernatant, 20-microliter aliquot was taken and combined with 100 microliter Luciferase Assay Buffer for luciferase activity measurement (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Then, with 10-20 microliters of the lysate ? -galactosidase assays were performed. This ? -galactosidase measurement was utilized for the normalization of the luciferase data (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Each allele was counted and by sample proportion calculation, the frequencies were computed (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). For the ethic group comparison of allele frequency, chi square analysis was applied while logistic regression was utilized for APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). As well, for each ethnic group, logistic regression was employed as the data were classified with respect to the APOE allele’s occurrence or non-occurrence as education and age discrepancies were adjusted. Finally, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed through chi square analysis while the ethnic comparison of APP promoter and AD polymorphisms odd-ratio calculation as their education, age, and sex were adjusted (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1794). Results and Discussion Two types of APP promoter polymorphisms were detected and identified, with respect to the starting site of the transcription, as GC at +37 and GC at -9 variants (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). In connection to this, +37C allele was typically observed among 18% African-American respondents while European and Caribbean-Hispanic have 3% and 10% respectively (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Although +37C allele was commonly observed among AD patients, the adjustment of their socio-demographic attributes with respect to this allele produced non-significant observations (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Also, -9C allele was hardly detected for disease association. On the other hand, even though the adjustment with respect to socio-demographic traits was made, still a strong link was found between APOE allele and AD (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). Moreover, the evaluation of both +37C and -9C allele variants in U-87 glioma cells through promoter-reporter assays has resulted to non-significant promoter activity (Athan, Lee, Arriaga, Mayeux, and Tyco1797). The early onset, less than 60 years old, of AD has been ascribed to APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 while the late stage, greater than 65 years old, AD development has not yet fully explained by the genetic model (Waring and Rosenberg 329). The development of AD in late age stage was associated with APOE and to other reported genetic variants and alleles, however, they still insufficient to plausibly explain the mechanism involved in the AD occurrence (Waring and Rosenberg 329). Summary Alzheimer ’s disease is a progressive degeneration of the capacity of the mind for cognition thus affecting the psychological and affective attributes of the inflicted individual. Based on genome-wide study, children of parents with familial Alzheimer’s disease are more prone to inherit and develop this condition either as they take progress in their growth and development or at the senescence stage of their lives (Jayadev et. al. 375). The primary pointed culprit for this cognitive deterioration is the beta-amyloid peptide which is a part of amyloid precursor protein. APP passes through the fatty membrane of the cells and delineated in the different areas of the brain, even though, the normal function has not yet been fully known. As APP is attacked by enzymes, fragments are generated including A? -peptide with associated neurotoxicity. Sleegers et. al. in 2006 found the coincidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy with Alzheimer’s disease in a Dutch multigenerational family. This genomic duplication was attributed solely to APP gene expression that was also observed in 65 Dutch families with early-onset of AD cases. However, APP locus duplication was not observed in 36 AD patients that signified the case of de novo mutation. On the other hand, Athan et. al. in 2002 reported the two types of APP promoter polymorphism which involved +37C and –9C alleles. Moreover, they found a strong link between AD inheritance and the apolipoprotein-E role. In this connection, the genetic traits of every individual should be scientifically scrutinized for an accurate determination and identification of the substance involved in the development of the disease in parallel with its molecular mechanisms. Works Cited Athan, Eleni S. , Lee, Joseph H. , Arriaga, Alex, Mayeux, Richard P. , and Tyco, Benjamin. â€Å"Polymorphism in the Promoter of the Human APP Gene. † Archives of Neurology 59 (2002): 1793-1799. Bloom, Elin. Genetic Studies of Alzheimer’s Disease. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University, 2008. Felician, Olivier and Sandson, Thomas A. â€Å"The Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease. † Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 11, 1 (1999): 19-31. Jayadev, Suman, Steinbart, Ellen J. , Chi, Yueh-Yun, Kukull, Walter A. , Schellenberg, Gerard D. and Bird, Thomas D. â€Å"Conjugal Alzheimer Disease. † Archives of Neurology 65, 3 (2008): 373-378. How to cite Alzheimer’s Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene, Papers

Music and Dance as a Means of Self

Music and Dance as a Means of Self-Definition Essay However; the characters are able, through music and dance, to not only define homeless, but are able to retain some of their African culture while enslaved, and creating a unique culture of their own. Toni Morrison uses the ideas of song and dance to show how through an oral tradition in the slave culture they are able to retain some of the culture of their African ancestors despite attempts by the slave masters to rid them of their own identities as people, and strictly relegate them to objects of possession to be bought or sold. Quinoa describes dances, or traditions, that the enslaved people brought with them across the Ocean in those slave ships. Every great event Is celebrated in public dances, which are accompanied with songs and music suited to the occasion. The assembly is separated in to four divisions The first division contains the married men To these succeeded the married women The young men occupy the third; and the maidens the fourth. (Quinoa 34). These traditions were then passed down through the generations and across the different plantations through that oral tradition as shown in some of the traditions that the characters in Beloved perform. Let the children come Let the grown men come she shouted Finally she called the women to her It started that way: laughing children, dancing men, crying women and then it all got mixed up. Women stopped crying and danced; men sat down and cried; children danced, women laughed, children cried until, exhausted and river, all and each lay about the Clearing damp and gasping for breath. In the silence that followed, Baby USGS, holy, offered up to them her great heart. (Morrison 103) In this passage we see how the traditions that were brought to America from Africa by these enslaved people are passed down to people that were born in America and he new generation is able to take the traditions of old and add their own flavor and uniqueness to make it their own. Music and Dance as a Means of Self- Definition and Cultural Retention in Toni By metal ancestors and making it their own, but it is also about resistance to the majority and taking the margin that they have been relegated to, and creating something new. Six is told by the schoolteacher that definitions belonged to the definers not the defined (Morrison 225). Morrison uses this mode of definition as a means to show how the enslaved characters and the real slaves of the time fought against this benefiting, and used the margin as a means to create something new and unique. With a sledge hammer in his hands and Hi Mans lead, the men got through. They sang it out and beat it up, garbling the words so they could not be understood; tricking the words so their syllables yielded up other meanings. They sang the women they knew; the children they had been; the animals they had tamed themselves or seen other tame. They sang of bosses and masters and misses; of mules and dogs and the shamelessness of life. They sang lovingly of graveyards and sisters long gone. Of pork in the woods; meal in the pan; fish on the line; cane, rain ND rocking chairs. (Morrison 128) Even on a chain gang relegated to the lowest part of the lowest part of society at that time these men were using the situation that they were in to create something new, something that was uniquely theirs and no one could take that from them. .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .postImageUrl , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:visited , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:active { border:0!important; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:active , .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7b6de809c4ca0b3ec039af5aafe191a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fender Musical Instruments Corporation EssayThe men on the chain gang were using the tradition of song passed down from their ancestors, but by using the world around them, their feelings, and their unique experiences they were able to defy the definers and then define who they were. It is through these traditions of using your emotions to help define your struggle that the lees we know today was created. Morrison uses the structure of the modern blues and the call and response aspect of the African musical heritage to illustrate that this tradition of self definition is alive today. Morrison a twentieth century African American writer uses these structures in her novel to help keep these traditions alive. Morrison uses the text It rained (Morrison 129) to help illustrate possibly how these men on the chain gang might have felt being locked up and chained together forced to work hard labor at gun point. The idea of it rained, elicits the picture of tears, sorrow and pain. She beats this line after each paragraph on this page as if meaning to continue to draw on the idea of sadness. Also by repeating this line she brings forth the idea of call and response. Morrison describes a little of this intense scene where Paul D is locked up in a cell that is filling with water, the call part of the tradition, then uses the line It rained (Morrison 129) as the response. She describes a little more of that scene, call. It rained, response. The use of the call and response tradition elicits a deep emotional reaction by the reader. Song and dance was the most effective way of continuing and passing on radiations throughout the slave communities. Song and dance were parts of their heritage they wanted to remember. So many bad things had happened to so many people that part of themselves shut off the bad and only remembered the good times they had while singing and dancing. Nan was the one she knew best, who was around all day, who nursed babies, cooked, had one good arm and half another. And who used different words. Words must be why she remembered so little before Sweet Home except singing and dancing (Morrison 74) Music and dance were also ways that the oppressed people could express homeless without as much fear of reprisals and punishments as other forms, especially reading and writing which were forbidden. The power of expression through the singing and the dancing is evident throughout the novel. Nearly all of the characters at one time or another participates in public or private expressions of their feelings and thoughts. Hear me know, love your heart. For this is the prize. Saying no more, she stood up then and danced with her twisted hip the rest to what her heart had to say while the other opened their mouths and gave her the music. Long notes held until the four- art harmony was perfect enough for their deeply loved flesh. Morrison 104) Throughout this novel Morrison uses many examples of music and dance as a means for these oppressed slaves to determine who they are and not allow the slave masters and the white people of that time to dictate who they are. By following the traditions of their ancestors, modifying the old traditions for the new generation, and by creating something entirely new and unique they were able to take the margin in which they had been placed and turn i t into their center. For a lot of slaves in that mime all they had in the whole world was their culture and traditions.